Dr. Kassandra Stfleur

Whenever you would a question a woman about makeup such as, “Why do you wear make-up?”. You would receive a wide range of answers. Such as “Because I like it” or “Because I need it”. Make-up is said to enhance one’s beauty or to demonstrate creativity. Cosmetics can come in a variety of concepts. You have eyebrow pencils, mascara, lip stick/gloss, blush, foundation, concealer and the most popular in today’s world, highlight. Beauty is a prized possession of a girl. Researchers say that at least 7 billion dollars are spent on cosmetics alone and about 15,000 dollars is spent on makeup from one girl in a lifetime. We have advertisements to blame in the inflation of makeup each year. Advertisement show beautiful women that women would begin to feel inadequate.  Cosmetics was first introduced in Egypt, they were used in their religion to hasten their looks before their Gods. When cosmetics was introduced outside of Egypt, like Rome and Greece, women were considered not beautiful if they didn’t wear makeup. From that period on, women began to think makeup was a necessity to their lives. It is true that males didn’t see beauty in females back in the ancient years and it is probably a controversy now in today’s world. As a result, I have come with the question how does makeup cause so much of a controversy if it is intended for a good purpose? What is the problem with makeup?

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Peer Interview

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From the hot and sunny beaches of Trinidad and Tobago, Kirliffa, a new freshman, finds her new home at The Florida State University. From being born in a different country, Kirliffa immediately made a way to accommodate to her new environment.

Every college freshman has a story as to how they have made a decision to go to a specific college and Kirliffa’s story was very unique to her. Kirliffa went to Florida State University because she found a way to pay for college without coming out of pocket. She is part of an organization on campus called CARE. CARE provided financial resources for Krliffa that made Florida State her number one pick. “If I didn’t get into CARE, I would have gone to UCF with my brother.” University of Central Florida would have been her second pick if she didn’t get into FSU. To add on, CARE wasn’t just an organization that funded her education, but she made friends in the process. She states, “It isn’t only because of the money CARE provided for me, but I was surrounded by people who related to me”  

Florida State is known for the garnet and gold, the ranking football team, and the famous war chant, but what Kirliffa loves the most about being a Seminole is that she can “go around telling everyone I’m actually a Seminole.” Getting into Florida State University was definitely one of her many  achievements. Kirliffa plans on becoming a doctor after undergraduate studies. That was her main reason for becoming an IMS major. With IMS being a new major here at FSU, Kirliffa still decided to take on the new major because it was the one closiest to her desired career.  Being away from her family, was not a problem for her. Homesick was not a feeling she had experienced like any other ordinary college freshman. “The only person I miss is my dog.”, she said with a loud chuckle. Freedom is what she loved the most being away from home. She was always hoovered by her parents back home.

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              Annotated Bibliography

Barrett, Julia R. “Chemical Exposures: The Ugly Side of Beauty Products.” Environmental Health Perspectives 113.1 (2005): A24. Print.

In this article, it will be describing the bad in beauty products. People would assume that makeup is not a safety issue, especially if Food and Drug Administration(FDA) reviewed as safe to use. Recent study shows that beauty products such as makeup, hair spray, and nail polish have a toxic material called phthalate. Is there enough phthalate enough to cause harm to us. This article will go into depth about this harmful product in cosmetics and if it safe for everyday use in beauty products.

Also, in this article it provides a debate between the environment research groups and the cosmetics research groups. They both argue about the safety of phthalate. In the article it states, ”Therein lies the controversy—environmental groups view the CDC data as evidence of widespread exposure, whereas industry groups view it as evidence of low-level exposure that falls well below amounts shown to cause problems in animal studies.” In this quote you can see that environment group view that there is a high exposure of phthalate in cosmetics, whereas cosmetic group says its little to no exposure to phthalate.

If the author of this article was to have a conversation with my other sources, they would probably disagree with the other sources. The author suggest that the problem of makeup is the harmful affect of the toxin of phthalate. Other sources may say that the problem with makeup could be for other reasons. Other reasons could include physical, or psychological reasons.

 

Britton, Ann Marie. The Beauty Industry 's Influence on Women in Society. 2012, scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1085&context=honors.

In this article, it talks about a study that was conducted on college students. The purpose of this study is to see the importance of makeup in college females. The study was conducted by a survey that asked a series of question like, “What comes to mind when you hear the word make up?” How important us makeup to you? How important is appearance is to you”. The results of the study was conduct out of 157 college students at University of New Hemisphere. The results suggested that majority of makeup that is bought in the United States are from college students.

In addition to the makeup industry in college, it also suggest that advertisement play a huge role in the selling of makeup. The article states that advertisement cause women to have low-esteem and feel like they are not good enough. According to the article, “Because the media has been found to cause women to feel unattractive, it correlates that these women lacking in self esteem are going to use adornments.” This quote suggest that the reason women people use makeup because of social media.

If the author of this article was to have a conversion with sources it would probably agree. The author of this article suggest that advertisement plays an important reason for makeup being bought in the first place.

Ian Johnston Science Correspondent. “Chemicals in everyday items like cosmetics linked to cancer in controversial new study.”The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 1 June 2017, www.independent.co.uk/news/science/chemicals-cosmetics-cancer-links-study-everyday-items-shampoo-carcinogenic-aldehyde-formaldehyde-a7767691.html.

In this article, Ian Johnston talks about a research study that could possibly lead to cancer that is in everyday household items like cosmetics, glue binding materials, and vehicle powered exhaust. The research was conducted by Professor Ashok Venkitaraman, the director of the Medical Research Council Cancer Unit at Cambridge University. He says the formaldehyde it what prevent the cells suppress the tumor. .

                This article is also a debate. While on scientist says that this formaldehyde is a problem for people having cancer, another scientist says that it’s nothing to be so worried about. The scientist who rebut this chemical says that this chemical can be found in everyday things like coffee and tea, that can also lead to cancer. 

                If the author of this article was to have a conversation with any of my sources it would agree with the source “Chemical Exposures: The Ugly Side of Beauty Products.”. Both of these sources would agree that cosmetics contain something that could cause hard to people. While this article talks about formaldehyde that causes cancer, the other article talks about phthalate that cause lead o hard but not necessarily cancer.

Aodha, Gráinne Ní. “Contaminated face paints and heavy metals in make-up among safety problems found in cosmetics.” TheJournal.ie, 19 Sept. 2017, www.thejournal.ie/contaminated-cosmetics-health-and-safety-3603869-Sep2017/.

In this article, the author Aodha Grainne, talks about the research case studies that has opened up for investigations. The investigations were opened for problems that have occurred with face paints and makeup. In 2016, about 471 beauty products went into the laboratory for testing. The reports say that the number one reason for these reports are because of the microbial contamination.

This article serves as a purpose for statistic data. This article provides data on how many cases are opened for investigation. For example, 163 compliance cases are opened in 2016 and about  171 cases are closed in 2016.

“Cosmetics.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Jan. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics.

This article was made by Wikipedia. The purpose of this article is to provide background information on cosmetics. Cosmetics are used to enhance someone’s appearance. Cosmetics was first introduced in Egypt, they were used in their religion to hasten their looks before their Gods. When cosmetics was introduced outside of Egypt, like Rome and Greece, women were considered not beautiful if they didn’t wear makeup. From that period on, women began to think makeup was a necessity to their lives.

This article also provides information on how make up is made. It provides ingredients of makeup such as minerals, organic and inorganic material all approved by the Food and Drug Act. The article also goes into depth about different industry that make cosmetics, for example, MAC, Elf, Sephora, NAKED, and etc.

If this article was to be in conversion with the other sources it would probably be neutral. This article provides the bases for all the other sources. It provides information for the other sources to use.

Final Essay Draft

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I love makeup. From my favorite lipstick to the contour of my cheekbones it made me look the models on the tv commercials. I use makeup practically use it every other day. However, I always tend to find a side effect of it. One day I would see a huge red pimple that hurts every time I try to cover it with makeup or whenever I try to pop it to make it go away. I wonder if it could possibly be anything in makeup that might have caused this. Adria Valdes Greenhauff is one of many writers and editor of many blog post based in Miami, Florida. She writes for The List, Vivala, Foodable, Recommend, and Miami New Times. She writes post about makeup in depth and some side effects of it. In this blog post, The List, she writes about well-researched information about makeup and provides opinions based on the. She states, “But as much as makeup can be a girl's best friend, it may not be the healthiest thing to slather all over our faces on a daily basis”. In this blog post, she tells her readers why consumers should stop wearing makeup and the potential benefits of not wearing makeup can be a huge advantage. She also tells the readers her opinions on makeup overall. I want to research the topic of what is in  makeup that could significant reasons why I should stop or least reduce the amount I use in the near future. In this research paper, I will be investigating the presence of harmful chemicals in makeup and how these chemicals might affect makeup users. I will explore three domains that researchers say are most likely to experience potential harm due to makeup use: the health of endocrine system, the production of acne, and the possibility of cancer.

Julia R Barrett author of “Chemical Exposure: The Ugly Side Effects of Beauty Products” explores research done about the status of makeup as a possible cause of cancer. Specifically, Barrett talks about the research done by Sujatha Jahagirder, an advocate for Environment California. Jahagirder claims that the regular use of cosmetic products, including makeup, could possibly increase a person’s chances of developing cancer. Jahagirder bases this argument on the presence of a chemical toxin called Phthalates in makeup products. Phthalates are known as the materials that are used to make plastic soft and flexible (CDC, 2017) There are many ways where phthalates can be exposed to a person. People can be exposed by drinking out of plastics, blood transfusions, and chewing on vinyl toys, just to name a few. Phthalates are considered, “reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (ToxTown, 2017)”. A carcinogen is a substance that causes cancer in human tissue (wikipedia) Jahagirder explains that beauty products contain phthalates. An additional study showed that when makeup was applied it sinks into the skin and absorbed by the body’s system. The body then detoxifies the substances in the liver and the kidneys. Later, toxins are excreted through urine. Research state that this process explains why the kidney and liver are targeted organs for cancer.

 In addition to Jahagirder, another researcher also found that another ingredient in cosmetics can cause cancer as well. Formaldehyde exposure is also a carcinogen in cosmetics. “Formaldehyde stalls and destabilizes structures involved in replication of DNA and selectively depletes the BRCA2 gene” says Professor Ashok Venkitaraman, Director of the Medical Research Council Cancer Unit at Cambridge University (Johnston, 2017). The BRCA2 gene is important in DNA because it helps suppress tumor cells. Formaldehyde acts in the same way Phthalates do by sinking into the skin and into the body system. Instead of organs being the target of cancer, formaldehyde travels to the bloodstream and destroys important cells that are used to prevent cancer. Both studies show that makeup could have carcinogenic chemicals that can increase the likelihood of makeup-users to get cancer. However, both studies states that it was a “low exposure” to cancer. There are numerous things that could be carcinogenic, but consumers aren’t encouraged to be too concerned about products that have a low-exposure to carcinogens. For example, the sun is considered a carcinogenic because it can cause skin cancer. However, we walk in sun almost every day. We are exposed to a carcinogenic, but, it has a very low exposure to cancer, especially if combatted with sunscreen. Similarly, low exposure to carcinogens in makeup products may not be cause for alarm. Makeup used on a daily basis only features a low exposure to phthalates and formaldehyde. The information from these studies are useful, however it’s just not enough evidence for someone to just stop wearing makeup. Makeup is considered to be a chronic low exposure.

In addition to cancer being of the problems, acne has also been a huge problem for the makeup industry. When I put on makeup, it seems to be that every time I take the makeup off from a long day, I tend to find a pimple. I always wondered what is in the makeup that would cause this acne? I am one of many that may be going through this same problem. A research study conducted by Brazilian Contact Dermatitis Research Group, gathered 176 patients from Brazil to test whether makeup could be the possibility the reason for acne. 85.7% were women and 12.5% were men. The diagnosis was made by the hospital history of the patients, where the pimple was located and the type of makeup that was applied. As a result, they had found out that 52% of patients did not have pimples caused my makeup, 45% had skin conditions associated with makeup, and 3% was not able to determine whether the makeup was the reason for the skin condition. Makeup-induced acne was called acne cosmetica (Alvarez, 2016).  As a result, the study had a hard time distinguishing whether the pimple was an irritant or an allergic reaction. From this study, I can say that makeup could be a possible reason for makeup based on almost half of the participants had pimples cause by makeup, however, the researchers in this study were not completely sure if the makeup caused the pimples or if the participants simply had allergic reaction. I have also realized that there are other factors that were not accounted for in this study. I realized that they have not accounted for a face routine, how they clean their face or how they applied the makeup. According to Dr. Manny Alvarez, the writer of “The damaging effects of makeup on teens”, suggest that people should have a proper skin care routine. A routine that best suit the skin type. For example, for people that have dry skin it is best to use to use a moisturizer before applying makeup and people that have oily skin is advised to use water-based cleanser and light moisturizer. Acne is a problem with makeup, however it is something that can be solved with a solution.

With cancer and acne being talked about in this paper, I want to introduce that makeup could be a potential harm to the body’s endocrine system. The endocrine system is responsible for the glands that make hormones (WebMD, 2005). Problems with the endocrine system can lead to puberty conflicts, trouble getting pregnant, and/or managing stress. A research study conducted by researchers at UC Berkeley and Clinica de Salud del Valle de Salnas showed that a short break from makeup can significantly decrease the levels of hormone disrupting chemicals in the body. Some of these chemicals such as triclosan are used in a variety of makeup products. Triclosan gets absorbed and accumulated in the body after regular use. It affects the thyroid glad which in results in hormonal imbalance (CureJoy, 2017). 100 teenage Latinas had their urine samples before and after a three-day trial. They were told to use products that had lower-chemicals of triclosan. After the three-day trial, the researchers had found that the amount of triclosan had decreased 36%. The research had good intentions to prove that these hormone-disruptive chemicals can affect the endocrine system, however, the researchers had failed to mention any other factors. For example, other materials such as acne-removal scrubs and deodorant may also have triclosan besides makeup. During the research, the participants were not to use these products as well. How are we to know that the decrease of triclosan did not come from deodorants or face scrubs?

I wanted to know the awareness of theses problem in people that are popular in the makeup industry. For that reason, I interviewed Kristina Anderson to see if she was aware of these issues. Kristina is a Florida State University student that does make up for herself and other clients. She receives about six to eight clients a week. Kristina started makeup at the age of sixteen. She found her desire to do makeup in her mother, who was also known in the beauty industry. It was on New Year's Eve and she stated that she wanted to “look divine”. From that day on and forward, she found passion in makeup and started to wear it a lot more frequently. However, she told me that she hasn’t been wearing makeup as often because she is loving her natural face. I asked Kristina how important makeup is in her life by asking her could she live without makeup and her answer was simply no. She informed me that, “Even though I don’t wear makeup every day, it is going to be a day where I would really need to wear makeup”. She gave a lot of explanations to why makeup is so beneficial to people who wear it. She states that makeup “enhances one’s feature or just to hide imperfections that we don’t want anyone else to know about it”. However, she does state the disadvantages of the makeup of how it can induce acne and “clog your pores”. I then asked Kristina if she was aware of the ingredients in makeup, she states that she does not necessarily look at the ingredient list when she buys makeup. It isn’t until she experiences a side effect, is when she will never buy the product again. I also asked her what type of brand of lipstick she would prefer, and she had no preference. According to researchers, lipstick that contains mineral oil can cause cancer. Mineral oil is classified as a cariogenic and prefers makeup users to use lips stick that are plant oils or beeswax (Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, 2004). I explained to Kristina that there could be a possibility that makeup can induce cancer and she was aware of this. She said that recently she has been taking precautions such as looking at reviews from YouTube before purchasing. Lastly, I asked her if she was aware to the ingredient, phthalates, which are widely used in cosmetics and are now considered harmful, and she mentioned that she never heard or seen that word ever. What I took from this interview, is that not everyone is acknowledgeable to the ingredients unless it happens to them. For example, Kristine does not buy makeup that has caused her to have acne from the past. However, she is not aware of phthalates, which can cause cancer.

In conclusion, while writing this paper, I have learned a lot from how ingredients in makeup can have an overall affect on the body. However, I believe that there are ways to prevent this from happening. For example, researchers say that I can induce our chances of getting cancer because the number of phthalates that are in makeup. Best solution, is to check the ingredients in makeup products, and choose the one that don’t have phthalates. Second, researchers say that makeup can cause acne. The best solution is to have a good face routine such as washing my face before and after can significantly reduce the amount of acne. Lastly, researchers say that it can damage the endocrine system because of triclosan. Best thing to do is to not use makeup that don’t have. Makeup does have some cons to using it, however it can all be prevent through good precautions and knowledge. I don’t believe we should just stop using it but being more cautious when using it.

 

 

Works Cited

Barrett, Julia R. Environmental Health Perspectives, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Jan. 2005, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253722/.

Duarte, Ida, and Ana Carolina Campos Lage. “Frequency of Dermatoses Associated with Cosmetics.” Contact Dermatitis, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 2 Mar. 2007, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.01051.x.

Editorial, CureJoy. “10 Harmful Side Effects Of Makeup.” CureJoy, 18 Oct. 2017, www.curejoy.com/content/harmful-side-effects-of-makeup/.

Greenhauff, Adria Valdes. “This Is What Happens When You Stop Wearing Makeup.” TheList.com, The List, 26 Jan. 2018, www.thelist.com/25291/happens-face-stop-wearing-makeup/.

Ian Johnston Science Correspondent. “Chemicals in everyday items like cosmetics linked to cancer in controversial new study.”The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 1 June 2017, www.independent.co.uk/news/science/chemicals-cosmetics-cancer-links-study-everyday-items-shampoo-carcinogenic-aldehyde-formaldehyde-a7767691.html.

Manny Alverez. “The Damaging Effects of Makeup on Teens.” Fox News, FOX News Network, 16 June 2017, www.foxnews.com/health/2017/06/16/damaging-effects-makeup-on-teens.html.

Quora. “Does Makeup Cause Cancer? Fears Of Carcinogenic Ingredients.” Medical Daily, 17 Feb. 2017, www.medicaldaily.com/does-makeup-cause-cancer-fears-carcinogenic-ingredients-411570.

ToxTown. “Tox Town - Phthalates - Toxic Chemicals and Environmental Health Risks Where You Live and Work - Text Version.” U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=24.

“What Is the Endocrine System?” WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/diabetes/endocrine-system-facts#1.

Yang, Sarah. “Teen Girls See Big Drop in Chemical Exposure with Switch in Cosmetics.” Berkeley News, 11 Mar. 2016, news.berkeley.edu/2016/03/07/cosmetics-chemicals/.

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Final Annotation Bibliography

Duarte, Ida, and Ana Carolina Campos Lage. “Frequency of Dermatoses Associated with Cosmetics.” Contact Dermatitis, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 2 Mar. 2007, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.01051.x.

This website is one of many of the studies I used in my research paper. This resource was a study conducted by Brazilian Contact Dermatitis Research Group and written by Ida Duarte. The title of this study is ‘Frequency of Dermatoses Associated with Cosmetics”. This source provides me a study that correlates makeup with acne.

This study showed how makeup could be a possibility of why acne may form on people that use it. Several participants (both male and female) were told wo wear makeup and they would evaluate what would happen to the skin after they have used it. In the article it states, “They are submitted to many safety tests to protect users against possible side-effect. Despite this procedure, side-effects to cosmetics do occur.” This sentence alone explains this article. It will prove that makeup could be a possible reason for the production of acne.

If this source was to be in conversion with my other sources, it would agree that makeup could cause possible side effects of it. However, I don’t think the author of this source would think that makeup could be such of a big problem of cancer or hormonal imbalance. This source focuses on the skin, while the other sources focus how it would affect the body.

Ian Johnston Science Correspondent. “Chemicals in everyday items like cosmetics linked to cancer in controversial new study.”The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 1 June 2017, www.independent.co.uk/news/science/chemicals-cosmetics-cancer-links-study-everyday-items-shampoo-carcinogenic-aldehyde-formaldehyde-a7767691.html.

This source contains of the studies I used in my research paper. This study was conducted by Professor Ashok Venkitaraman. This source was written by Ian Johnston. The name of this article is called, “Chemicals in everyday items like cosmetics linked to cancer in controversial new study”. This study helped my research paper correlate makeup with cancer.

In this source, it provided me a study to correlate makeup and cancer. This study showed how formaldehyde that depletes the BRCA2 gene in DNA, that helps suppress tumors. With makeup having formaldehyde, it could trigger cancer to people that might have this faulty gene. In the article it states, “Our study shows how chemicals to which we are increasingly exposed to our day-to-day lives may increase the risk of diseases like cancer.” This quote from this article explains what exactly what this study is going to be about and how it will link cancer and makeup together for my research paper.

If this source was in conversion with my other sources, it would most definitely be in agreement with another study from another source called “Chemical Exposure: The Ugly Side Effects of Beauty Products” by Julia Barrett. Both are in agreement that makeup could cause cancer, however, they may argue what exactly is in makeup that would cause cancer. Ian Johnston would say formaldehyde, while Julia Barrett mays say phthalates.  

Manny Alverez. “The Damaging Effects of Makeup on Teens.” Fox News, FOX News Network, 16 June 2017, www.foxnews.com/health/2017/06/16/damaging-effects-makeup-on-teens.html.

This resource was used for advice and solutions for people that have acne due to makeup. This article was written by Dr. Manny Alverez and he titled this article, “The damaging Effects of Makeup on Teens”. This website gave me insightful information to put in my research paper.

This article explains the damaging effects of makeup. The number one topic they talk about is acne. The article goes on to talk about how they even have a medical term for acne caused by makeup which is called acne cosmetic. This article also provides solutions to help combat acne with helpful tips. The article states, “Thankfully, many of the side effects involved with teens using makeup can be resolved”. With this quote, the article provides tips on how to take care of oily and dry skin before the application of makeup.

If this article was to be in conversion with other sources, it would probably be in conversion with my first source. The first source written by Ida Duarte, talks about a study that correlated acne and makeup. This source would be in agreeance with the first source because they both agree that makeup could be the reason why makeup users get acne.

Yang, Sarah. “Teen Girls See Big Drop in Chemical Exposure with Switch in Cosmetics.” Berkeley News, 11 Mar. 2016, news.berkeley.edu/2016/03/07/cosmetics-chemicals/.

This article was used for a study written in my research paper. This study was conducted by researchers at UC Berkeley and Clinica de Salud del Valle de Salinas and it was written by Sarah Yang, This article provided a study that shows that if you stop wearing makeup the amount of bad chemicals decreases in your body.

The article provided a study that was conducted on 100 Latina teenagers. They were told to stop using products, including makeup, that contained chemicals such as triclosan and oxybenzone, which are hormone-disruptive chemicals. Evaluation was conducted by taking a urine sample before and after the study. In the article it states, “ demonstrates how even a short break from ceryain kinds of makeup, shampoos and lotions can lead to a significant drop in levels of hormone-disrupting chemicals in the body”. The study did just that. It showed that a short beak from theses chemicals dropped at lease 30%.

            If this source was to be in conversion with other sources, I would say that it would be neutral. It could be in agreeance that makeup can do some type of harm to the body just like all the other sources say. However, this source only focuses on the endocrine system, specifically the hormones, while the other sources focuses on other domains.

Barrett, Julia R. Environmental Health Perspectives, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Jan. 2005, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253722/.

This source has a study that will be written in my research paper. This study was conducted by Sujatha Jahagirdar. It was written by Julia Barrett. This article would provide information need to link cancer and makeup together for my research paper.

            This article talks about a study that linked cancer and makeup. The main ingredient that this study says is that phthalate is the reason for people getting cancer through makeup. Phthalates is used in plastics for consumer products.

If this source was to be in conversion with other sources, it would be in agreeance with Ian Johnston written study conducted by Professor Ashok Venkitaraman. They both agree that makeup could cause cancer but for different reasons. Professor Ashok Venkitaraman thinks that formaldehyde is the reason for it and this source believes phthalates is the reason for it.